Have you ever paid attention to what lies right at your feet? This blog is about my favourite Polish paving stone: the characteristic hexagonal concrete Trylinka, which serves as both an archive and witness to the entangled histories and circulations of knowledge that shaped the twentieth century.
Schon mal darauf geachtet, was uns unmittelbar zu Füßen liegt? Dieser Blog-Beitrag erzählt von Straßenbau und Straßenbelägen als Zeugnis für die verflochtene Wissensgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert – am Beispiel des Karrierewegs eines „polnischen“ Pflastersteins.






Introducing my Paving Stone
Each region, each city offers a variety of pavements – pavements made from different materials, each representing a certain time and place. Every pavement has a history and tells many interesting stories, which lie right at our feet.
My protagonist is a humble stone, never occupying the spotlight, but rather found in backyards, in front of garages, in marketplaces or at industrial plants from the socialist era. It even has its own name – Trylinka – after the Polish engineer Władysław Tryliński (1878 – 1956) who filed Patent No. 18232 for hexagonal concrete paving stones in 1933. Tryliński was in charge of expanding and modernizing the road network after Poland regained independence in 1918.
At that time, building roads was a means of building the nation: the aim was to connect all territories within the new state borders to the capital, Warsaw. Especially in the Eastern territories (kresy), these construction efforts had something of a “civilizing mission”, making the region more accessible and more “trafficable”. Hence, Tryliński is often called Poland’s “saviour from the mud” as, until then, most overland roads had been unpaved and were passable only in winter (when frozen) or in summer (when dried out). After 1918, the new Polish nation-state was eager to build as many roads as possible, as quickly and cheaply as possible.
Paving the Way to the Future
Paving stones made from natural stone were expensive, heavy to haul, and required skilled pavers to ensure a well-laid road of long durability. Asphalt, on the other hand, was not suitable for remote overland roads, as it required heavy machines and constant maintenance. Nineteenth-century road-engineering handbooks provide information on the great variety of paving materials and the ideas and solutions of the time. There was a lot of experimenting with alternative surfaces, such as producing paving stones from waste materials (as in the case of slag-stones made from a by-product of metal production).
Tryliński was well acquainted with the engineering considerations of his time. For years, he had worked at various construction sites, and he regarded concrete as the material of the future. It was cheap and could be produced on site. He also turned his attention to the small splinters of waste that came off when natural stone was cut, while he was working with local quarries. As a result, he designed a concrete-based paving stone topped with local stone waste.


The material was cheap, its hexagonal shape proved especially resilient to abrasion (as documented in Tryliński’s patent), and the paving stones fitted together as neatly as a honeycomb, making them easy to lay and eliminating the need for skilled pavers.
The construction of roads was also a crucial attempt to fight mass unemployment in Europe after the Great Depression.1 During the interwar period, the Polish Labour Fund financed public works, providing employment for thousands of jobless men in road construction.

Laying Trylinka paving stones on the road from Warsaw to Zegrze in 1935.
Photo: GDDKiA.

On-site production. Polska Zbrojna
R.16 [i.e.17], nr. 259 (19.09.1937), p. 3.
Eventually, the Trylinka paving stone became a veritable goldmine for our engineer, as Tryliński earned 1 Złoty per stone under the terms of his patent and consequently amassed a fortune. On the approximately 53-kilometre section of State Road No. 7/2 between Łuck (Луцьк) and Horochów (Горохів) in Volhynia, 25.000 Trylinka paving stones were produced each day!2

Oleksandr Kotys for Volyn Post (11.6.2015)

Unsurprisingly, the Polish state tried to circumvent Tryliński’s patent by producing rectangular concrete tiles of the same composition. However, they were much more prone to abrasion and soon crumbled. Traces of such stones can still be found in the region. Several newspapers wrote about the discovery of such rectangular paving stones during road construction work in the city of Luck (Луцьк) in present-day Ukraine in 2015. More recently, the author of this blog spotted similar examples at a construction site in the Polish city of Lublin.
Hexagonal Knowledge Circulation
But what about the curious hexagonal shape? Back in Tryliński’s youth, Poland was under partition, divided between the Habsburg Empire, Prussia and the Russian Empire. Tryliński was born in the Russian-ruled Congress Poland, completed his schooling in Warsaw and subsequently went to study at the most prestigious university for prospective engineers in that time and region – the Emperor Alexander I. Institute of the Transport Engineer Corps in Saint Petersburg. Which road engineering books might Tryliński have read there during his studies between 1896 and 1902? Who were his teachers? What did his curriculum include?
The answer was right at his feet: at the turn of the century, the main streets of Saint Petersburg were paved with … hexagonal wooden blocks. The city was famous for its (hexagonal) wooden paving, which made carriage travel especially comfortable. However, a severe flood in 1924 displaced and scattered the wooden blocks, effectively erasing the memory of Petersburg’s extravagant street paving.



Wooden pavement became extremely popular in the nineteenth century, because in contrast to cobblestone surfaces, it was extraordinarily smooth, soft and silent to drive on. Petersburg’s wooden paving had already been installed in the early 1830s thanks to the ingenious idea of another road engineer, Vasily Petrovich Guriev. Similarly to Tryliński nearly a century later, Guriev was thinking of ways to create a stable, smooth road surface from inexpensive materials (his aim was to introduce an inter-city steam-powered carriage). As is generally known, the city of Saint Petersburg was built on swampy land, with no stones to be found far and wide, but with abundant fir forests. Wooden paving was therefore an obvious choice. Looking at Guriev’s sketches published in his handbook in 1836, one can see that the hexagonal shape not only made the most efficient use of a tree trunk but also allowed the individual blocks to fit together perfectly without gaps or the need for fillers.


Nicolson wooden pavement, patent London 1850 (public domain)

Paris inundation 1910 (public domain)
International travellers and engineers praised Saint Petersburg’s smooth boulevards as “wooden carpet” or “street parquet” which was adopted soon after in a similar way (however mostly rectangular) also in London, Paris, Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago, among others. Paris’ wooden parquet, however, was destroyed by flooding in 1910. Rare traces of such wooden paving can be found in the mentioned cities until today.
But back to Tryliński: when heading to his institute for lectures or strolling in the city centre in his spare time, he was always walking on the wooden predecessors of his future Trylinkas. Most likely, Guriev’s handbook on road construction was among the compulsory readings for young engineering students at the time. So, when Tryliński set about helping to build the newly established Polish state after the First World War, he effectively transformed and adapted Guriev’s idea and pattern by using modern material – concrete – and adapting it to local conditions through the use of local basalt deposits: a wonderful example of productive knowledge circulation!
Transnational in/tangible Heritage
What used to be the eastern highways of the Second Polish Republic are now scattered across the former kresy territories in Belarus, Ukraine and Poland, as borders have changed many times during the twentieth century. Today, the most beautiful remaining original Trylinkas can be found around the city of Pinsk in Belarus, forming an archive of transnational heritage preserved in stone. Today, Trylinkas have become an important part of local and national identities: in various blogs and social media posts people from Belarus, Poland and Ukraine write of “our paving stone” or refer to it by its affectionate local name “Pinskaya kostka”(“Pinsk paving stone”).


However, no one ever doubted that our hexagonal pavement stone was Tryliński’s own invention, and no one ever made the effort to research possible models or inspirations – although engineering knowledge, in particular, is always built on the foundation of a shared body of knowledge and insights gained from earlier researchers. Road engineering books of the nineteenth century show that construction techniques, material knowledge, and regional adaptations have always been discussed in an international context, with observations from Budapest to Chicago and Oslo to Rome. Yet, with regard to Trylinkas, no one seemed to look beyond their own nose. Today, neither the Polish, Belarusian nor Ukrainian “trylinkists” seem aware of the Saint Petersburg origins of the Trylinka, nor does anyone in Russia seem to know about the remarkable career of Guriev’s pavement pattern in Poland.
Sure, the original Trylinka lost relevance when other materials for paving highways became available. However, it enjoyed a revival during the Polish People’s Republic (1945–1989). As an efficient, inexpensive and durable paving pattern, it was used to pave courtyards, parking lots, and the spaces between housing estates and industrial sites in urban contexts from Białystok to Wrocław – where I came across Trylinkas during my various research stays in Poland. The Trylinka has even recently made it into the deliberations of Warsaw’s Office for Urban Conservation: when renovating a state-socialist housing estate of historical value, the Office proposed laying (contemporary) Trylinkas, claiming that the hexagonal tiles constitute a “historical surface” and that it is important that “the place retain its character, its soul.”

Paving Stones as material archives
Produced largely from locally available stone waste and concrete, the Trylinka embodies the entangled histories of resource regimes, engineering knowledge and infrastructural nation-building. Examining variations of the Trylinka across time provides a broader picture not only of transnational biographies, the ruptures in the history of the Polish state and the standards and transformations of European road-engineering, but also of how a paving stone can play a role in regional identity formations and heritage preservation, thus representing both the tangible and intangible (transnational) heritage.
Conceptualizing pavements as material witnesses and local archives, this case study is part of a broader project that examines street paving and surfaces at the crossroads of infrastructure history, knowledge circulation, material culture and heritage studies.
- NSDAP-governed Germany took a similar approach to fight unemployment with their Reichsautobahnen project in the same period. ↩︎
- Stanislaw Ostrzycki: Autostrady z plyt kamienno-betonowych. Budowane przez Junaków na Wolhyniu (Motorways built from stone-concrete-tiles), in: Przegląd Służby Pracy, czasopismo wydawane przez Komendę Główną Junackich Hufców Pracy R. 2, z. 6 (June 1938), p.350 ↩︎
Title picture: Concrete Trylinka paving stones from state-socialist times in a Warsaw courtyard. Photograph taken by the author, 2024.
























